Thermodynamics Formulas
Thermodynamics formulas for internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, Carnot efficiency, heat engines, refrigeration, and gas law calculations.
Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction
Calculate heat conduction rate using Fourier's law q = -kA(dT/dx). Covers thermal conductivity, temperature gradient, cross-sectional area, and examples.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Reference for Stefan-Boltzmann law P = σAT⁴ for blackbody radiation. Covers σ = 5.67×10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, emissivity, and stellar luminosity applications.
First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred. Explained with examples.
Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction
Fourier's Law: Q/t = -kA(ΔT/d). Calculate heat flow through walls, pipes, and materials. Includes R-value relationship and worked examples.
Heat Engine Efficiency Formula
Reference for heat engine thermal efficiency: eta = W/Qh = 1 - Qc/Qh. Covers the Carnot efficiency limit and how real engines compare with worked examples.
Refrigeration COP Formula
Coefficient of Performance for refrigerators and heat pumps: COP = Q_c/W. How to measure cooling efficiency with worked examples.
Stefan-Boltzmann Radiation Formula
Thermal radiation: P = εσT⁴. Calculate heat radiated by any object. Used in climate science, astrophysics, and engineering.