Sports Science Formulas
Sports science and exercise physiology formulas for VO2 max, lactate threshold, power output, heart rate zones, and training load.
Heart Rate Reserve Formula
Reference for the Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) formula and the Karvonen method. Calculate personalized training heart rate zones for any fitness intensity level.
Lactate Threshold Formula
Lactate threshold (LT1 and LT2) formulas for endurance training. Covers field test estimation, percent of VO2max, heart rate zones, and pace zone calculations.
Power-to-Weight Ratio Formula
Calculate power-to-weight ratio (W/kg) for cyclists and endurance athletes. Understand why it predicts climbing performance.
Training Stress Score Formula
Learn the Training Stress Score (TSS) formula used to quantify workout load. Understand how TSS drives fitness and fatigue models.
VO2 Max Formula
Reference for VO2 Max using the Fick equation VO2 = Q × (CaO2 - CvO2) and Cooper, Rockport, and Balke field tests. Covers ml/kg/min norms by age and sex.